Testing References

To test whether zebra stripes prevent biting fly attacks, Kojima et al. (2019) painted cows with black-and-white, black-only, and no stripes and recorded the number of fly repelling behaviors and flies on the body and legs.

To test how Egyptian fruit bats are affected by ethanol (which occurs naturally in fruit), researchers gave Egyptian fruit bats ethanol-rich and ethanol-free food, finding that flight speed, echolocation calls, and behavior were negatively impacted by the presence of ethanol (Sánchez et al. (2010)).

References

Kojima, Tomoki, Kazato Oishi, Yasushi Matsubara, Yuki Uchiyama, Yoshihiko Fukushima, Naoto Aoki, Say Sato, et al. 2019. “Cows Painted with Zebra-Like Striping Can Avoid Biting Fly Attack.” PLOS ONE 14 (10): e0223447. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223447.

Sánchez, Francisco, Mariana Melcón, Carmi Korine, and Berry Pinshow. 2010. “Ethanol Ingestion Affects Flight Performance and Echolocation in Egyptian Fruit Bats.” Behavioural Processes 84 (2): 555–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2010.02.006.