HTML, XML, CSS, and XPath

The Building Blocks of the Internet

Why?

So much data is online!
But, …
- Manually copying information is error prone
- Stuff is updated in real time
- I’m lazy
We can automate gathering data using scripts

Examples

Gather the price of something every morning at 8am to determine whether it’s cheap enough to buy
Estimate what you could sell your house for, given recent sales of comparable houses in the same city
Create a database of adoptable pets in your area (with pics) and determine how long it takes for different pets to be adopted
Assemble a database of profiles on dating sites to determine whether gender and sexual orientation is related to emoticon/emoji use
Assemble a directory of contact information for all faculty at UNL to conduct an unofficial faculty survey

XML

relatively common data storage format
Fields are delimited by tags <tagName attr1=value1 ...>. All tags are closed with </tagName>
Tags may contain attribute-value pairs
Tags may have children nested between <tagName> and </tagName>
Tags may also contain “content” between the tags – plain text information

XML Terms

<family name="Vanderplas">
    <person given-name="Susan">Mother</person>
    <person given-name="Ryan">Father</person>
    <person given-name="Alex" nickname='Bug'>Son</person>
    <person given-name="Zoey" nickname='Zozo, Lovebug'>Daughter</person>
    <pet type="dog" given-name="Edison" nickname="Eddie">Security detail, Cleanup crew</pet>
    <pet type="dog" given-name="Ivy" nickname="Flufferina, Q-tip">Snuggle agent, Cleanup crew, Comic relief</pet>
</family>

given-name and family-name are attributes with values for each person and pet. nickname is an attribute, but is not present for all nodes
<person>...</person> and <pet>...</pet> are child nodes of <family></family>
The content of each child node is the entity’s role in the family
XML data is nested and does not always translate to tabular form easily

HTML vs. XML

HTML

Tags display information
Tags are pre-defined
Tags aren’t always closed
<br/>, <img/>
Not case-sensitive
Ignores white-space

XML

Tags describe information
Data schema defines tags
Tags must be closed
Case-sensitive
May ignore white space

Your Turn: Web Page Anatomy

Open the textbook chapter
Access Developer Tools for your browser
- right-click + select “Inspect”
- OR, Ctrl/Cmd + J
Find the following elements. What attributes and content do they have?
- Document type declaration
- <html> node
- <head> and <body> nodes
- <h2>, <h3>, <h4> and <p> nodes
- <table>, <tr>, <th>, and <td> nodes
- <a> node(s)

Selecting Nodes (CSS)

SelectorGadget extension can be helpful
.xxx = “has class xxx”
#xxx = “has ID xxx”
xxx = “node xxx”
xxx yyy = “node yyy, a descendant of xxx”
xxx > yyy = “node yyy, a direct descendant of xxx”

Your Turn: CSS Selectors

Construct a CSS selector that will get all mathematicians from this list without any extra links.

Reading and Working with HTML files in R and Python

Common Libraries

R

rvest - higher-level, process HTML
- Mostly built around xml2
xml2 - lower-level, navigate/extract HTML elements
httr2 - higher-level, talk to web servers
curl - lower-level, talk to web servers
chromote - remote control a browser

Python

bs4 (Beautiful Soup) - processing HTML
urllib - work with URLs (combining, parsing)
requests - talk to web servers
selenium - remote control a browser

library(xml2)
library(rvest)
library(purrr)
library(dplyr)
library(tibble)

url<-"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century"

read_html(url)

{html_document}
<html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr">
[1] <head>\n<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8 ...
[2] <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawik ...

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup, SoupStrainer
import requests
import pandas as pd

url = "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century"
# If at first you don't succeed, 
# try adding a user-agent
headers = {'user-agent':'python-data-programming, svanderplas2-at-unl-dot-edu'}
req = requests.get(url, headers=headers)
page = req.content
page

b'<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr">\n<head>\n<meta charset="UTF-8">\n<title>List of mathematicians born in the 19th century - Wikipedia</title>\n<script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split(\'%2C\').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp(\'(^| )\'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\\w+$|[^\\w-]+/g,\'\')+\'-clientpref-\\\\w+( |$)\'),\'$1\'+pref+\'$2\');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"de844f29-9018-469a-bdf7-878eef630ea5","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"List_of_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century","wgTitle":"List of mathematicians born in the 19th century","wgCurRevisionId":1308659241,"wgRevisionId":1308659241,"wgArticleId":44787301,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Lists of mathematicians","History of mathematics","19th century in mathematics"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"List_of_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century","wgRelevantArticleId":44787301,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":7000,"wgMetricsPlatformUserExperiments":{"active_experiments":[],"overrides":[],"enrolled":[],"assigned":[],"subject_ids":[],"sampling_units":[]},"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q19901337","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGESuggestedEditsTaskTypes":{"taskTypes":["copyedit","link-recommendation"],"unavailableTaskTypes":[]},"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};\nRLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.xLab","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script>\n<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\\\","watchToken":"+\\\\","csrfToken":"+\\\\"});\n}];});});</script>\n<link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&amp;modules=ext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector-2022">\n<script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&amp;modules=startup&amp;only=scripts&amp;raw=1&amp;skin=vector-2022"></script>\n<meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content="">\n<link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&amp;modules=site.styles&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector-2022">\n<meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.45.0-wmf.24">\n<meta name="referrer" content="origin">\n<meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin">\n<meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard">\n<meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no">\n<meta name="viewport" content="width=1120">\n<meta property="og:title" content="List of mathematicians born in the 19th century - Wikipedia">\n<meta property="og:type" content="website">\n<link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org">\n<link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century&amp;action=edit">\n<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png">\n<link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico">\n<link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)">\n<link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd">\n<link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century">\n<link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">\n<link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&amp;feed=atom">\n<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" />\n<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="auth.wikimedia.org">\n</head>\n<body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-List_of_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century rootpage-List_of_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a>\n<div class="vector-header-container">\n\t<header class="vector-header mw-header no-font-mode-scale">\n\t\t<div class="vector-header-start">\n\t\t\t<nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site">\n\t\t\t\t\n<div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right"  title="Main menu" >\n\t<input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox "  aria-label="Main menu"  >\n\t<label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true"  ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span>\n\n<span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span>\n\t</label>\n\t<div class="vector-dropdown-content">\n\n\n\t\t\t\t<div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container">\n\t\t\n<div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element">\n\t<div\n\tclass="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned"\n\tdata-feature-name="main-menu-pinned"\n\tdata-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu"\n\tdata-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container"\n\tdata-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container"\n>\n\t<div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div>\n\t<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button>\n\t<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button>\n</div>\n\n\t\n<div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation"  >\n\t<div class="vector-menu-heading">\n\t\tNavigation\n\t</div>\n\t<div class="vector-menu-content">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class="vector-menu-content-list">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li>\n\t\t</ul>\n\t\t\n\t</div>\n</div>\n\n\t\n<div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction"  >\n\t<div class="vector-menu-heading">\n\t\tContribute\n\t</div>\n\t<div class="vector-menu-content">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class="vector-menu-content-list">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li>\n\t\t</ul>\n\t\t\n\t</div>\n</div>\n\n</div>\n\n\t\t\t\t</div>\n\n\t</div>\n</div>\n\n\t\t</nav>\n\t\t\t\n<a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo">\n\t<img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50">\n\t<span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert">\n\t\t<img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;">\n\t\t<img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;">\n\t</span>\n</a>\n\n\t\t</div>\n\t\t<div class="vector-header-end">\n\t\t\t\n<div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue  vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box">\n\t<a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span>\n\n<span>Search</span>\n\t</a>\n\t<div class="vector-typeahead-search-container">\n\t\t<div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width">\n\t\t\t<form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button">\n\t\t\t\t<div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper"  data-search-loc="header-moved">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<input\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass="cdx-text-input__input mw-searchInput" autocomplete="off"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" spellcheck="false" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span>\n\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search">\n\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t\t<button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button>\n\t\t\t</form>\n\t\t</div>\n\t</div>\n</div>\n\n\t\t\t<nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools">\n\t<div class="vector-user-links-main">\n\t\n<div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet"  >\n\t<div class="vector-menu-content">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class="vector-menu-content-list">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t</ul>\n\t\t\n\t</div>\n</div>\n\n\t\n<div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet"  >\n\t<div class="vector-menu-content">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class="vector-menu-content-list">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t</ul>\n\t\t\n\t</div>\n</div>\n\n\t<nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance">\n\t\t\n<div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown "  title="Change the appearance of the page&#039;s font size, width, and color" >\n\t<input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox "  aria-label="Appearance"  >\n\t<label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true"  ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span>\n\n<span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span>\n\t</label>\n\t<div class="vector-dropdown-content">\n\n\n\t\t\t<div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t\n\t</div>\n</div>\n\n\t</nav>\n\t\n<div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet"  >\n\t<div class="vector-menu-content">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class="vector-menu-content-list">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t</ul>\n\t\t\n\t</div>\n</div>\n\n\t\n<div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet"  >\n\t<div class="vector-menu-content">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class="vector-menu-content-list">\n\t\t\t<li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&amp;wmf_medium=sidebar&amp;wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a>\n</li>\n<li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&amp;returnto=List+of+mathematicians+born+in+the+19th+century" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a>\n</li>\n<li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&amp;returnto=List+of+mathematicians+born+in+the+19th+century" title="You&#039;re encouraged to log in; however, it&#039;s not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a>\n</li>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t</ul>\n\t\t\n\t</div>\n</div>\n\n\t</div>\n\t\n<div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out"  title="Log in and more options" >\n\t<input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox "  aria-label="Personal tools"  >\n\t<label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true"  ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span>\n\n<span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span>\n\t</label>\n\t<div class="vector-dropdown-content">\n\n\n\t\t\n<div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item"  title="User menu" >\n\t<div class="vector-menu-content">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class="vector-menu-content-list">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&amp;wmf_medium=sidebar&amp;wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&amp;returnto=List+of+mathematicians+born+in+the+19th+century" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&amp;returnto=List+of+mathematicians+born+in+the+19th+century" title="You&#039;re encouraged to log in; however, it&#039;s not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li>\n\t\t</ul>\n\t\t\n\t</div>\n</div>\n\n<div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor"  >\n\t<div class="vector-menu-heading">\n\t\tPages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a>\n\t</div>\n\t<div class="vector-menu-content">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class="vector-menu-content-list">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li>\n\t\t</ul>\n\t\t\n\t</div>\n</div>\n\n\t\n\t</div>\n</div>\n\n</nav>\n\n\t\t</div>\n\t</header>\n</div>\n<div class="mw-page-container">\n\t<div class="mw-page-container-inner">\n\t\t<div class="vector-sitenotice-container">\n\t\t\t<div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div>\n\t\t</div>\n\t\t<div class="vector-column-start">\n\t\t\t<div class="vector-main-menu-container">\n\t\t<div id="mw-navigation">\n\t\t\t<nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site">\n\t\t\t\t<div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</nav>\n\t\t</div>\n\t</div>\n\t<div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container">\n\t\t\t\t<nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element">\n\t<div\n\tclass="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned"\n\tdata-feature-name="toc-pinned"\n\tdata-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc"\n\t\n\t\n>\n\t<h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2>\n\t<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button>\n\t<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button>\n</div>\n\n\n\t<ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list">\n\t\t<li id="toc-mw-content-text"\n\t\t\tclass="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1">\n\t\t\t<a href="#" class="vector-toc-link">\n\t\t\t\t<div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div>\n\t\t\t</a>\n\t\t</li>\n\t\t<li id="toc-American_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century"\n\t\tclass="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">\n\t\t<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century">\n\t\t\t<div class="vector-toc-text">\n\t\t\t\t<span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>American mathematicians born in the 19th century</span>\n\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id="toc-American_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">\n\t\t</ul>\n\t</li>\n\t<li id="toc-Austrian_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century"\n\t\tclass="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">\n\t\t<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austrian_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century">\n\t\t\t<div class="vector-toc-text">\n\t\t\t\t<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Austrian mathematicians born in the 19th century</span>\n\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id="toc-Austrian_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">\n\t\t</ul>\n\t</li>\n\t<li id="toc-Belgian_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century"\n\t\tclass="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">\n\t\t<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgian_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century">\n\t\t\t<div class="vector-toc-text">\n\t\t\t\t<span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Belgian mathematicians born in the 19th century</span>\n\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id="toc-Belgian_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">\n\t\t</ul>\n\t</li>\n\t<li id="toc-British_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century"\n\t\tclass="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">\n\t\t<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century">\n\t\t\t<div class="vector-toc-text">\n\t\t\t\t<span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>British mathematicians born in the 19th century</span>\n\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id="toc-British_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">\n\t\t</ul>\n\t</li>\n\t<li id="toc-\xce\x92ulgarian_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century"\n\t\tclass="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">\n\t\t<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#\xce\x92ulgarian_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century">\n\t\t\t<div class="vector-toc-text">\n\t\t\t\t<span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>\xce\x92ulgarian mathematicians born in the 19th century</span>\n\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id="toc-\xce\x92ulgarian_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">\n\t\t</ul>\n\t</li>\n\t<li id="toc-Canadian_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century"\n\t\tclass="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">\n\t\t<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canadian_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century">\n\t\t\t<div class="vector-toc-text">\n\t\t\t\t<span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Canadian mathematicians born in the 19th century</span>\n\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id="toc-Canadian_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">\n\t\t</ul>\n\t</li>\n\t<li id="toc-Czech_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century"\n\t\tclass="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">\n\t\t<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czech_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century">\n\t\t\t<div class="vector-toc-text">\n\t\t\t\t<span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Czech mathematicians born in the 19th century</span>\n\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id="toc-Czech_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">\n\t\t</ul>\n\t</li>\n\t<li id="toc-Danish_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century"\n\t\tclass="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">\n\t\t<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Danish_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century">\n\t\t\t<div class="vector-toc-text">\n\t\t\t\t<span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Danish mathematicians born in the 19th century</span>\n\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id="toc-Danish_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">\n\t\t</ul>\n\t</li>\n\t<li id="toc-Dutch_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century"\n\t\tclass="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">\n\t\t<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century">\n\t\t\t<div class="vector-toc-text">\n\t\t\t\t<span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Dutch mathematicians born in the 19th century</span>\n\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id="toc-Dutch_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">\n\t\t</ul>\n\t</li>\n\t<li id="toc-Finnish_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century"\n\t\tclass="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">\n\t\t<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finnish_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century">\n\t\t\t<div class="vector-toc-text">\n\t\t\t\t<span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Finnish mathematicians born in the 19th century</span>\n\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id="toc-Finnish_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">\n\t\t</ul>\n\t</li>\n\t<li id="toc-French_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century"\n\t\tclass="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">\n\t\t<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century">\n\t\t\t<div class="vector-toc-text">\n\t\t\t\t<span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>French mathematicians born in the 19th century</span>\n\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id="toc-French_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">\n\t\t</ul>\n\t</li>\n\t<li id="toc-German_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century"\n\t\tclass="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">\n\t\t<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century">\n\t\t\t<div class="vector-toc-text">\n\t\t\t\t<span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>German mathematicians born in the 19th century</span>\n\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id="toc-German_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">\n\t\t</ul>\n\t</li>\n\t<li id="toc-Greek_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century"\n\t\tclass="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">\n\t\t<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century">\n\t\t\t<div class="vector-toc-text">\n\t\t\t\t<span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Greek mathematicians born in the 19th century</span>\n\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id="toc-Greek_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">\n\t\t</ul>\n\t</li>\n\t<li id="toc-Hungarian_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century"\n\t\tclass="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">\n\t\t<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungarian_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century">\n\t\t\t<div class="vector-toc-text">\n\t\t\t\t<span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Hungarian mathematicians born in the 19th century</span>\n\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id="toc-Hungarian_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">\n\t\t</ul>\n\t</li>\n\t<li id="toc-Indian_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century"\n\t\tclass="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">\n\t\t<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century">\n\t\t\t<div class="vector-toc-text">\n\t\t\t\t<span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Indian mathematicians born in the 19th century</span>\n\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id="toc-Indian_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">\n\t\t</ul>\n\t</li>\n\t<li id="toc-Irish_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century"\n\t\tclass="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">\n\t\t<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irish_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century">\n\t\t\t<div class="vector-toc-text">\n\t\t\t\t<span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Irish mathematicians born in the 19th century</span>\n\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id="toc-Irish_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">\n\t\t</ul>\n\t</li>\n\t<li id="toc-Italian_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century"\n\t\tclass="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">\n\t\t<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century">\n\t\t\t<div class="vector-toc-text">\n\t\t\t\t<span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Italian mathematicians born in the 19th century</span>\n\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id="toc-Italian_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">\n\t\t</ul>\n\t</li>\n\t<li id="toc-Japanese_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century"\n\t\tclass="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">\n\t\t<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century">\n\t\t\t<div class="vector-toc-text">\n\t\t\t\t<span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Japanese mathematicians born in the 19th century</span>\n\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id="toc-Japanese_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">\n\t\t</ul>\n\t</li>\n\t<li id="toc-Norwegian_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century"\n\t\tclass="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">\n\t\t<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norwegian_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century">\n\t\t\t<div class="vector-toc-text">\n\t\t\t\t<span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Norwegian mathematicians born in the 19th century</span>\n\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id="toc-Norwegian_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">\n\t\t</ul>\n\t</li>\n\t<li id="toc-Polish_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century"\n\t\tclass="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">\n\t\t<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polish_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century">\n\t\t\t<div class="vector-toc-text">\n\t\t\t\t<span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Polish mathematicians born in the 19th century</span>\n\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id="toc-Polish_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">\n\t\t</ul>\n\t</li>\n\t<li id="toc-Russian_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century"\n\t\tclass="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">\n\t\t<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century">\n\t\t\t<div class="vector-toc-text">\n\t\t\t\t<span class="vector-toc-numb">21</span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Russian mathematicians born in the 19th century</span>\n\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id="toc-Russian_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">\n\t\t</ul>\n\t</li>\n\t<li id="toc-Swedish_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century"\n\t\tclass="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">\n\t\t<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swedish_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century">\n\t\t\t<div class="vector-toc-text">\n\t\t\t\t<span class="vector-toc-numb">22</span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Swedish mathematicians born in the 19th century</span>\n\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id="toc-Swedish_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">\n\t\t</ul>\n\t</li>\n\t<li id="toc-Swiss_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century"\n\t\tclass="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">\n\t\t<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swiss_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century">\n\t\t\t<div class="vector-toc-text">\n\t\t\t\t<span class="vector-toc-numb">23</span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Swiss mathematicians born in the 19th century</span>\n\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id="toc-Swiss_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">\n\t\t</ul>\n\t</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</nav>\n\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</div>\n\t\t<div class="mw-content-container">\n\t\t\t<main id="content" class="mw-body">\n\t\t\t\t<header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar no-font-mode-scale">\n\t\t\t\t\t<nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left"  title="Table of Contents" >\n\t<input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox "  aria-label="Toggle the table of contents"  >\n\t<label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true"  ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span>\n\n<span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span>\n\t</label>\n\t<div class="vector-dropdown-content">\n\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container">\n\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t\n\t</div>\n</div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t</nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">List of mathematicians born in the 19th century</span></h1>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang"  >\n\t<input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 2 languages"   >\n\t<label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-2" aria-hidden="true"  ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span>\n\n<span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">2 languages</span>\n\t</label>\n\t<div class="vector-dropdown-content">\n\n\t\t<div class="vector-menu-content">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul class="vector-menu-content-list">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listo_1800-lovvoost_%C5%A1odd%C3%A2m_matematikk%C3%A1rijn" title="Listo 1800-lovvoost \xc5\xa1odd\xc3\xa2m matematikk\xc3\xa1rijn \xe2\x80\x93 Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Listo 1800-lovvoost \xc5\xa1odd\xc3\xa2m matematikk\xc3\xa1rijn" data-language-autonym="Anar\xc3\xa2\xc5\xa1kiel\xc3\xa2" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anar\xc3\xa2\xc5\xa1kiel\xc3\xa2</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/19._y%C3%BCzy%C4%B1lda_do%C4%9Fan_matematik%C3%A7iler_listesi" title="19. y\xc3\xbczy\xc4\xb1lda do\xc4\x9fan matematik\xc3\xa7iler listesi \xe2\x80\x93 Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="19. y\xc3\xbczy\xc4\xb1lda do\xc4\x9fan matematik\xc3\xa7iler listesi" data-language-autonym="T\xc3\xbcrk\xc3\xa7e" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>T\xc3\xbcrk\xc3\xa7e</span></a></li>\n\t\t\t</ul>\n\t\t\t<div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q19901337#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div>\n\t\t</div>\n\n\t</div>\n</div>\n</header>\n\t\t\t\t<div class="vector-page-toolbar vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref--excluded">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class="vector-page-toolbar-container">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id="left-navigation">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<nav aria-label="Namespaces">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages"  >\n\t<div class="vector-menu-content">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class="vector-menu-content-list">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:List_of_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li>\n\t\t</ul>\n\t\t\n\t</div>\n</div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet"  >\n\t<input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant"   >\n\t<label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true"  ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span>\n\t</label>\n\t<div class="vector-dropdown-content">\n\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\n<div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet"  >\n\t<div class="vector-menu-content">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class="vector-menu-content-list">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t</ul>\n\t\t\n\t</div>\n</div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t</div>\n</div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<nav aria-label="Views">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views"  >\n\t<div class="vector-menu-content">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class="vector-menu-content-list">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century&amp;action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century&amp;action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li>\n\t\t</ul>\n\t\t\n\t</div>\n</div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</nav>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown"  >\n\t<input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox "  aria-label="Tools"  >\n\t<label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true"  ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span>\n\t</label>\n\t<div class="vector-dropdown-content">\n\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element">\n\t<div\n\tclass="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned"\n\tdata-feature-name="page-tools-pinned"\n\tdata-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools"\n\tdata-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container"\n\tdata-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container"\n>\n\t<div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div>\n\t<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button>\n\t<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button>\n</div>\n\n\t\n<div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items"  title="More options" >\n\t<div class="vector-menu-heading">\n\t\tActions\n\t</div>\n\t<div class="vector-menu-content">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class="vector-menu-content-list">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century&amp;action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century&amp;action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li>\n\t\t</ul>\n\t\t\n\t</div>\n</div>\n\n<div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb"  >\n\t<div class="vector-menu-heading">\n\t\tGeneral\n\t</div>\n\t<div class="vector-menu-content">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class="vector-menu-content-list">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/List_of_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/List_of_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century&amp;oldid=1308659241" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century&amp;action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&amp;page=List_of_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century&amp;id=1308659241&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FList_of_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FList_of_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li>\n\t\t</ul>\n\t\t\n\t</div>\n</div>\n\n<div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export"  >\n\t<div class="vector-menu-heading">\n\t\tPrint/export\n\t</div>\n\t<div class="vector-menu-content">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class="vector-menu-content-list">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=List_of_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century&amp;action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century&amp;printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li>\n\t\t</ul>\n\t\t\n\t</div>\n</div>\n\n<div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects"  >\n\t<div class="vector-menu-heading">\n\t\tIn other projects\n\t</div>\n\t<div class="vector-menu-content">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class="vector-menu-content-list">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q19901337" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li>\n\t\t</ul>\n\t\t\n\t</div>\n</div>\n\n</div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t</div>\n</div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class="vector-column-end no-font-mode-scale">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container">\n\t\t\t\t<div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element">\n\t<div\n\tclass="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned"\n\tdata-feature-name="appearance-pinned"\n\tdata-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance"\n\tdata-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container"\n\tdata-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container"\n>\n\t<div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div>\n\t<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button>\n\t<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button>\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class="vector-body-before-content">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class="mw-indicators">\n\t\t</div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>\n\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>\n<b>Mathematicians born in the 19th century</b> listed by nationality.\n</p>\n<meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" />\n<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="American_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century">American mathematicians born in the 19th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: American mathematicians born in the 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Eliza_Allen" title="Florence Eliza Allen">Florence Eliza Allen</a> (1876\xe2\x80\x931960)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Artin" title="Emil Artin">Emil Artin</a> (1898\xe2\x80\x931962)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/George_Birkhoff" class="mw-redirect" title="George Birkhoff">George David Birkhoff</a> (1884\xe2\x80\x931944)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Maxime_B%C3%B4cher" title="Maxime B\xc3\xb4cher">Maxime B\xc3\xb4cher</a> (1867&#8211;1918)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Eugene_Dickson" title="Leonard Eugene Dickson">Leonard Eugene Dickson</a> (1874\xe2\x80\x931954), algebra and number theory</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Douglas" title="Jesse Douglas">Jesse Douglas</a> (1897\xe2\x80\x931965), Fields Medalist</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Kasner" title="Edward Kasner">Edward Kasner</a> (1878\xe2\x80\x931955)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Lefschetz" title="Solomon Lefschetz">Solomon Lefschetz</a> (1884&#8211;1972)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Emilie_Martin" title="Emilie Martin">Emilie Martin</a> (1869\xe2\x80\x931936)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/E._H._Moore" title="E. H. Moore">E. H. Moore</a> (1862\xe2\x80\x931932)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Marston_Morse" title="Marston Morse">Marston Morse</a> (1892&#8211;1977)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Leon_Post" title="Emil Leon Post">Emil Leon Post</a> (1897\xe2\x80\x931954), logic and computability theory</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Sanderson" title="Mildred Sanderson">Mildred Sanderson</a> (1889\xe2\x80\x931914)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Veblen" title="Oswald Veblen">Oswald Veblen</a> (1880\xe2\x80\x931960)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Walsh" title="Joseph L. Walsh">Joseph L. Walsh</a> (1895&#8211;1973)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Zariski" title="Oscar Zariski">Oscar Zariski</a> (1899\xe2\x80\x931986), algebra</li></ul>\n<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Austrian_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century">Austrian mathematicians born in the 19th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Austrian mathematicians born in the 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Artin" title="Emil Artin">Emil Artin</a> (1898\xe2\x80\x931962)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Radon" title="Johann Radon">Johann Radon</a> (1887&#8211;1956)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Vietoris" title="Leopold Vietoris">Leopold Vietoris</a> (1891\xe2\x80\x932002)</li></ul>\n<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Belgian_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century">Belgian mathematicians born in the 19th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Belgian mathematicians born in the 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Charles_Catalan" title="Eug\xc3\xa8ne Charles Catalan">Eug\xc3\xa8ne Charles Catalan</a> (1814\xe2\x80\x931894)</li></ul>\n<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="British_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century">British mathematicians born in the 19th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: British mathematicians born in the 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>\n<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ada_Lovelace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ada Lovelace, painted portrait circa 1836" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ada_Lovelace.jpg/250px-Ada_Lovelace.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="397" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ada_Lovelace.jpg/500px-Ada_Lovelace.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3604" data-file-height="5718" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Ada_Lovelace" title="Ada Lovelace">Ada Lovelace</a> by British painter <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sarah_Carpenter" title="Margaret Sarah Carpenter">Margaret Sarah Carpenter</a> (1836)</figcaption></figure>\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Boole" title="George Boole">George Boole</a> (1815\xe2\x80\x931864)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cayley" title="Arthur Cayley">Arthur Cayley</a> (1821\xe2\x80\x931895)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_De_Morgan" title="Augustus De Morgan">Augustus De Morgan</a> (1806\xe2\x80\x931871)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Harold_Hardy" class="mw-redirect" title="Godfrey Harold Hardy">Godfrey Harold Hardy</a> (1877\xe2\x80\x931947)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Lovelace" title="Ada Lovelace">Ada Lovelace</a> (1815\xe2\x80\x931852)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Alexander_MacMahon" title="Percy Alexander MacMahon">Percy Alexander MacMahon</a> (1854\xe2\x80\x931929)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Dora_Metcalf" title="Dora Metcalf">Dora Metcalf</a> (1892\xe2\x80\x931982)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Louis_J._Mordell" title="Louis J. Mordell">Louis J. Mordell</a> (1888\xe2\x80\x931972), number theory</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/James_Joseph_Sylvester" title="James Joseph Sylvester">James Joseph Sylvester</a> (1814\xe2\x80\x931897)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Ingram_Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoffrey Ingram Taylor">Geoffrey Ingram Taylor</a> (1886\xe2\x80\x931975)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Charles_Titchmarsh" title="Edward Charles Titchmarsh">Edward Charles Titchmarsh</a> (1899\xe2\x80\x931963)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wedderburn" title="Joseph Wedderburn">Joseph Wedderburn</a> (1882\xe2\x80\x931948)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/E._T._Whittaker" title="E. T. Whittaker">E. T. Whittaker</a> (1873\xe2\x80\x931956)</li></ul>\n<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="\xce\x92ulgarian_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century"><span id=".CE.92ulgarian_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century"></span>\xce\x92ulgarian mathematicians born in the 19th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: \xce\x92ulgarian mathematicians born in the 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ljubomir_Chakaloff" title="Ljubomir Chakaloff">Ljubomir Chakaloff</a> (1886\xe2\x80\x931963)</li></ul>\n<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canadian_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century">Canadian mathematicians born in the 19th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Canadian mathematicians born in the 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Clare_Archibald" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond Clare Archibald">Raymond Clare Archibald</a> (1875\xe2\x80\x931955)</li></ul>\n<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Czech_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century">Czech mathematicians born in the 19th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Czech mathematicians born in the 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>\n<ul><li>Otakar Bor\xc5\xafvka (1899\xe2\x80\x931995)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_%C4%8Cech" title="Eduard \xc4\x8cech">Eduard \xc4\x8cech</a> (1893\xe2\x80\x931960), topology</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Vojt%C4%9Bch_Jarn%C3%ADk" title="Vojt\xc4\x9bch Jarn\xc3\xadk">Vojt\xc4\x9bch Jarn\xc3\xadk</a> (1897\xe2\x80\x931970)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Petr" title="Karel Petr">Karel Petr</a> (1868\xe2\x80\x931950)</li>\n<li>Emil Weyr (1848\xe2\x80\x931894)</li></ul>\n<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Danish_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century">Danish mathematicians born in the 19th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Danish mathematicians born in the 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Bohr" title="Harald Bohr">Harald Bohr</a> (1887\xe2\x80\x931951)</li></ul>\n<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dutch_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century">Dutch mathematicians born in the 19th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Dutch mathematicians born in the 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/L._E._J._Brouwer" title="L. E. J. Brouwer">L. E. J. Brouwer</a> (1881\xe2\x80\x931966)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_de_Vries" title="Gustav de Vries">Gustav de Vries</a> (1866\xe2\x80\x931934)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Arend_Heyting" title="Arend Heyting">Arend Heyting</a> (1898\xe2\x80\x931980)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Diederik_Korteweg" title="Diederik Korteweg">Diederik Korteweg</a> (1848\xe2\x80\x931941)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Joannes_Stieltjes" title="Thomas Joannes Stieltjes">Thomas Joannes Stieltjes</a> (1856\xe2\x80\x931894)</li></ul>\n<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Finnish_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century">Finnish mathematicians born in the 19th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Finnish mathematicians born in the 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Leonard_Lindel%C3%B6f" title="Ernst Leonard Lindel\xc3\xb6f">Ernst Leonard Lindel\xc3\xb6f</a> (1870\xe2\x80\x931946)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Nevanlinna" title="Rolf Nevanlinna">Rolf Nevanlinna</a> (1895\xe2\x80\x931980), complex analysis</li></ul>\n<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="French_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century">French mathematicians born in the 19th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: French mathematicians born in the 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Borel" title="\xc3\x89mile Borel">\xc3\x89mile Borel</a> (1871\xe2\x80\x931956), measure theory</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Cartan" title="\xc3\x89lie Cartan">\xc3\x89lie Cartan</a> (1869\xe2\x80\x931951)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Gaston_Darboux" title="Jean Gaston Darboux">Jean Gaston Darboux</a> (1842\xe2\x80\x931917)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ren%C3%A9_Fr%C3%A9chet" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurice Ren\xc3\xa9 Fr\xc3\xa9chet">Maurice Ren\xc3\xa9 Fr\xc3\xa9chet</a> (1878&#8211;1973)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hermite" title="Charles Hermite">Charles Hermite</a> (1822\xe2\x80\x931901)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Julia" title="Gaston Julia">Gaston Julia</a> (1893\xe2\x80\x931978)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Lebesgue" title="Henri Lebesgue">Henri Lebesgue</a> (1875\xe2\x80\x931941)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Pad%C3%A9" title="Henri Pad\xc3\xa9">Henri Pad\xc3\xa9</a> (1863\xe2\x80\x931953)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Henri_Poincar%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Jules Henri Poincar\xc3\xa9">Jules Henri Poincar\xc3\xa9</a> (1854&#8211;1912)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89variste_Galois" title="\xc3\x89variste Galois">\xc3\x89variste Galois</a> (1811\xe2\x80\x931832), modern algebra</li></ul>\n<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="German_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century">German mathematicians born in the 19th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: German mathematicians born in the 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Bieberbach" title="Ludwig Bieberbach">Ludwig Bieberbach</a> (1886\xe2\x80\x931982)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Bolza" title="Oskar Bolza">Oskar Bolza</a> (1857\xe2\x80\x931942)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Cantor" title="Georg Cantor">Georg Cantor</a> (1845\xe2\x80\x931918)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Max_Dehn" title="Max Dehn">Max Dehn</a> (1878\xe2\x80\x931952)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dedekind" title="Richard Dedekind">Richard Dedekind</a> (1831\xe2\x80\x931916)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gustav_Dirichlet" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Gustav Dirichlet">Peter Gustav Dirichlet</a> (1805-1859)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ludwig_Gottlob_Frege" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege">Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege</a> (1848\xe2\x80\x931925)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Georg_Frobenius" title="Ferdinand Georg Frobenius">Ferdinand Georg Frobenius</a> (1849\xe2\x80\x931917)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Axel_Harnack" title="Carl Gustav Axel Harnack">Carl Gustav Axel Harnack</a> (1851\xe2\x80\x931888)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Hasse" title="Helmut Hasse">Helmut Hasse</a> (1898-1979)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Hausdorff" title="Felix Hausdorff">Felix Hausdorff</a> (1868\xe2\x80\x931942)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Hellinger" title="Ernst Hellinger">Ernst Hellinger</a> (1883\xe2\x80\x931943)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Hensel" title="Kurt Hensel">Kurt Hensel</a> (1861\xe2\x80\x931941)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/David_Hilbert" title="David Hilbert">David Hilbert</a> (1862\xe2\x88\x921943)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Hopf" title="Heinz Hopf">Heinz Hopf</a> (1894\xe2\x80\x931971)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hurwitz" title="Adolf Hurwitz">Adolf Hurwitz</a> (1859\xe2\x80\x931919)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Klein" title="Felix Klein">Felix Klein</a> (1849\xe2\x80\x931925)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Hellmuth_Kneser" title="Hellmuth Kneser">Hellmuth Kneser</a> (1898\xe2\x80\x931973)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Kronecker" title="Leopold Kronecker">Leopold Kronecker</a> (1823\xe2\x80\x931891)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kummer" title="Ernst Kummer">Ernst Kummer</a> (1810\xe2\x80\x931893)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Landau" title="Edmund Landau">Edmund Landau</a> (1877\xe2\x80\x931938)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Lindemann" title="Ferdinand von Lindemann">Ferdinand von Lindemann</a> (1852\xe2\x80\x931939)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Mertens" title="Franz Mertens">Franz Mertens</a> (1840\xe2\x80\x931927)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Minkowski" title="Hermann Minkowski">Hermann Minkowski</a> (1864\xe2\x80\x931909)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Emmy_Noether" title="Emmy Noether">Emmy Noether</a> (1882\xe2\x80\x931935)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Riemann" title="Bernhard Riemann">Bernhard Riemann</a> (1826\xe2\x80\x931866)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schoenflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Schoenflies">Arthur Schoenflies</a> (1853\xe2\x80\x931928)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Issai_Schur" title="Issai Schur">Issai Schur</a> (1875-1979)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Ludwig_Siegel" title="Carl Ludwig Siegel">Carl Ludwig Siegel</a> (1896-1981)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Toeplitz" title="Otto Toeplitz">Otto Toeplitz</a> (1881-1940)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Weierstrass" title="Karl Weierstrass">Karl Weierstrass</a> (1815\xe2\x80\x931897)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Weyl" title="Hermann Weyl">Hermann Weyl</a> (1885\xe2\x80\x931955)</li></ul>\n<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Greek_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century">Greek mathematicians born in the 19th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: Greek mathematicians born in the 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Carath%C3%A9odory" title="Constantin Carath\xc3\xa9odory">Constantin Carath\xc3\xa9odory</a> (1873&#8211;1950)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Remoundos" title="Georgios Remoundos">Georgios Remoundos</a> (1878&#8211;1928)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Cyparissos_Stephanos" title="Cyparissos Stephanos">Cyparissos Stephanos</a> (1857\xe2\x80\x931917)</li></ul>\n<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hungarian_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century">Hungarian mathematicians born in the 19th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: Hungarian mathematicians born in the 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lip%C3%B3t_Fej%C3%A9r" title="Lip\xc3\xb3t Fej\xc3\xa9r">Lip\xc3\xb3t Fej\xc3\xa9r</a> (1880\xe2\x80\x931959)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Alfr%C3%A9d_Haar" title="Alfr\xc3\xa9d Haar">Alfr\xc3\xa9d Haar</a> (1885\xe2\x80\x931933)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Riesz" title="Marcel Riesz">Marcel Riesz</a> (1886\xe2\x80\x931965)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/George_P%C3%B3lya" title="George P\xc3\xb3lya">George P\xc3\xb3lya</a> (1887\xe2\x80\x931985)</li></ul>\n<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indian_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century">Indian mathematicians born in the 19th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section: Indian mathematicians born in the 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasa_Ramanujan" title="Srinivasa Ramanujan">Srinivasa Ramanujan</a> (1887\xe2\x80\x931920)</li></ul>\n<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Irish_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century">Irish mathematicians born in the 19th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section: Irish mathematicians born in the 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Casey_(mathematician)" title="John Casey (mathematician)">John Casey</a> (1820\xe2\x80\x931891)</li>\n<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roland_Bryce_Ammons&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Roland Bryce Ammons (page does not exist)">Roland Bryce Ammons</a> (1887\xe2\x80\x931985)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/William_Rowan_Hamilton" title="William Rowan Hamilton">William Rowan Hamilton</a> (1805\xe2\x80\x931865)</li></ul>\n<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Italian_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century">Italian mathematicians born in the 19th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section: Italian mathematicians born in the 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulisse_Dini" title="Ulisse Dini">Ulisse Dini</a> (1845\xe2\x80\x931918)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Fubini" title="Guido Fubini">Guido Fubini</a> (1879\xe2\x80\x931943)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Tullio_Levi-Civita" title="Tullio Levi-Civita">Tullio Levi-Civita</a> (1873&#8211;1941)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Peano" title="Giuseppe Peano">Giuseppe Peano</a> (1858\xe2\x80\x931932)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Leonida_Tonelli" title="Leonida Tonelli">Leonida Tonelli</a> (1885\xe2\x80\x931946), calculus of variations</li></ul>\n<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Japanese_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century">Japanese mathematicians born in the 19th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section: Japanese mathematicians born in the 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teiji_Takagi" title="Teiji Takagi">Teiji Takagi</a> (1875\xe2\x80\x931960)</li></ul>\n<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Norwegian_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century">Norwegian mathematicians born in the 19th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section: Norwegian mathematicians born in the 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Henrik_Abel" title="Niels Henrik Abel">Niels Henrik Abel</a> (1802\xe2\x80\x931829)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Ole_Peder_Arvesen" title="Ole Peder Arvesen">Ole Peder Arvesen</a> (1895\xe2\x80\x931991)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Viggo_Brun" title="Viggo Brun">Viggo Brun</a> (1885\xe2\x80\x931978)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/T.O._Engset" class="mw-redirect" title="T.O. Engset">T.O. Engset</a> (1865\xe2\x80\x931943)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Axel_Sophus_Guldberg" title="Axel Sophus Guldberg">Axel Sophus Guldberg</a> (1838\xe2\x80\x931913)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Alf_Victor_Guldberg" title="Alf Victor Guldberg">Alf Victor Guldberg</a> (1866\xe2\x80\x931936)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Sophus_Lie" title="Sophus Lie">Sophus Lie</a> (1842\xe2\x80\x931899)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/%C3%98ystein_Ore" title="\xc3\x98ystein Ore">\xc3\x98ystein Ore</a> (1899\xe2\x80\x931968)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Thoralf_Skolem" title="Thoralf Skolem">Thoralf Skolem</a> (1887\xe2\x80\x931963)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Carl_St%C3%B8rmer" title="Carl St\xc3\xb8rmer">Carl St\xc3\xb8rmer</a> (1874\xe2\x80\x931957)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Sylow" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig Sylow">Ludwig Sylow</a> (1832\xe2\x80\x931918), group theory</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Axel_Thue" title="Axel Thue">Axel Thue</a> (1863\xe2\x80\x931922)</li></ul>\n<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Polish_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century">Polish mathematicians born in the 19th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section: Polish mathematicians born in the 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Banach" title="Stefan Banach">Stefan Banach</a> (1892\xe2\x80\x931945), functional analysis</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Knaster" title="Bronis\xc5\x82aw Knaster">Bronis\xc5\x82aw Knaster</a> (1893\xe2\x80\x931980)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Kuratowski" title="Kazimierz Kuratowski">Kazimierz Kuratowski</a> (1896\xe2\x80\x931980)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Mazurkiewicz" title="Stefan Mazurkiewicz">Stefan Mazurkiewicz</a> (1888\xe2\x80\x931945)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Juliusz_Schauder" title="Juliusz Schauder">Juliusz Schauder</a> (1899\xe2\x80\x931943)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Wac%C5%82aw_Sierpi%C5%84ski" title="Wac\xc5\x82aw Sierpi\xc5\x84ski">Wac\xc5\x82aw Sierpi\xc5\x84ski</a> (1882\xe2\x80\x931969)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Zaremba_(mathematician)" title="Stanis\xc5\x82aw Zaremba (mathematician)">Stanis\xc5\x82aw Zaremba</a> (1863\xe2\x80\x931942)</li></ul>\n<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Russian_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century">Russian mathematicians born in the 19th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Edit section: Russian mathematicians born in the 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Natanovich_Bernstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergei Natanovich Bernstein">Sergei Natanovich Bernstein</a> (1880&#8211;1968)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Pafnuty_Chebyshev" title="Pafnuty Chebyshev">Pafnuty Chebyshev</a> (1821\xe2\x80\x931894)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Sofia_Kovalevskaia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sofia Kovalevskaia">Sofia Kovalevskaia</a> (1850\xe2\x80\x931891)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Lyapunov" title="Aleksandr Lyapunov">Aleksandr Lyapunov</a> (1857\xe2\x80\x931918)</li></ul>\n<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Swedish_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century">Swedish mathematicians born in the 19th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Edit section: Swedish mathematicians born in the 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Edvard_Phragm%C3%A9n" title="Lars Edvard Phragm\xc3\xa9n">Lars Edvard Phragm\xc3\xa9n</a> (1863\xe2\x80\x931937)</li></ul>\n<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Swiss_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century">Swiss mathematicians born in the 19th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Edit section: Swiss mathematicians born in the 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Plancherel" title="Michel Plancherel">Michel Plancherel</a> (1885\xe2\x80\x931967)</li></ul>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nParsed by mw\xe2\x80\x90api\xe2\x80\x90int.codfw.canary\xe2\x80\x905b7879c855\xe2\x80\x90t4dx6\nCached time: 20251016222801\nCache expiry: 2592000\nReduced expiry: false\nComplications: [vary\xe2\x80\x90revision\xe2\x80\x90sha1, show\xe2\x80\x90toc]\nCPU time usage: 0.092 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.129 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 360/1000000\nRevision size: 6823/2097152 bytes\nPost\xe2\x80\x90expand include size: 879/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 211/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 9/100\nExpensive parser function count: 0/500\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0/20\nUnstrip post\xe2\x80\x90expand size: 0/5000000 bytes\nLua time usage: 0.029/10.000 seconds\nLua memory usage: 1288276/52428800 bytes\nNumber of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/500\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00%   72.982      1 Template:Short_description\n100.00%   72.982      1 -total\n 57.62%   42.051      2 Template:Pagetype\n 25.05%   18.280      2 Template:Main_other\n 22.74%   16.595      1 Template:SDcat\n  5.58%    4.070      1 Template:Short_description/lowercasecheck\n  2.58%    1.886      1 Template:First_word\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:44787301:|#|:idhash:canonical and timestamp 20251016222801 and revision id 1308659241. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse\n -->\n</div><noscript><img src="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&amp;type=1x1&amp;usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript>\n<div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century&amp;oldid=1308659241">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century&amp;oldid=1308659241</a>"</div></div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_mathematicians" title="Category:Lists of mathematicians">Lists of mathematicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_mathematics" title="Category:History of mathematics">History of mathematics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th_century_in_mathematics" title="Category:19th century in mathematics">19th century in mathematics</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div>\n\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t</main>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t</div>\n\t\t<div class="mw-footer-container">\n\t\t\t\n<footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" >\n\t<ul id="footer-info">\n\t<li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 30 August 2025, at 20:03<span class="anonymous-show">&#160;(UTC)</span>.</li>\n\t<li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia\xc2\xae is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li>\n</ul>\n\n\t<ul id="footer-places">\n\t<li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li>\n\t<li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li>\n\t<li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li>\n\t<li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li>\n\t<li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li>\n\t<li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li>\n\t<li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li>\n\t<li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li>\n\t<li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century&amp;mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li>\n</ul>\n\n\t<ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint">\n\t<li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li>\n\t<li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li>\n</ul>\n\n</footer>\n\n\t\t</div>\n\t</div> \n</div> \n<div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container no-font-mode-scale">\n\t<div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header">\n\t\t<div class="vector-sticky-header-start">\n\t\t\t<div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true">\n\t\t\t\t<button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span>\n\n<span>Search</span>\n\t\t\t</button>\n\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue  vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box">\n\t\t\t<div class="vector-typeahead-search-container">\n\t\t\t\t<div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail">\n\t\t\t\t\t<form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div  class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper"  data-search-loc="header-moved">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass="cdx-text-input__input mw-searchInput" autocomplete="off"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\ttype="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button>\n\t\t\t\t\t</form>\n\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</div>\n\t\t<div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar">\n\t\t\t\t<nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left"  >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox "  aria-label="Toggle the table of contents"  >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true"  ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span>\n\n<span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t</label>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class="vector-dropdown-content">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t</nav>\n\t\t\t\t<div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">List of mathematicians born in the 19th century</span></div>\n\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</div>\n\t\t<div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true">\n\t\t\t<div class="vector-sticky-header-icons">\n\t\t\t\t<a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span>\n\n<span></span>\n\t\t\t</a>\n\t\t\t<a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span>\n\n<span></span>\n\t\t\t</a>\n\t\t\t<a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span>\n\n<span></span>\n\t\t\t</a>\n\t\t\t<a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span>\n\n<span></span>\n\t\t\t</a>\n\t\t\t<a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only reading-lists-bookmark" id="ca-bookmark-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-bookmark"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-bookmarkOutline mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-bookmarkOutline"></span>\n\n<span></span>\n\t\t\t</a>\n\t\t\t<a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span>\n\n<span></span>\n\t\t\t</a>\n\t\t\t<a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span>\n\n<span></span>\n\t\t\t</a>\n\t\t\t<a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span>\n\n<span></span>\n\t\t\t</a>\n\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t<div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons">\n\t\t\t\t<button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span>\n\n<span>2 languages</span>\n\t\t\t</button>\n\t\t\t<a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span>\n\n<span>Add topic</span>\n\t\t\t</a>\n\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t<div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end">\n\t\t\t\t<div class="vector-user-links">\n\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</div>\n\t</div>\n</div>\n<div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom">\n\t<ul>\n\t\t\n\t</ul>\n</div>\n<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c88d7fb4d-pmsvx","wgBackendResponseTime":113,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.092","walltime":"0.129","ppvisitednodes":{"value":360,"limit":1000000},"revisionsize":{"value":6823,"limit":2097152},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":879,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":211,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":9,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":0,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"timingprofile":["100.00%   72.982      1 Template:Short_description","100.00%   72.982      1 -total"," 57.62%   42.051      2 Template:Pagetype"," 25.05%   18.280      2 Template:Main_other"," 22.74%   16.595      1 Template:SDcat","  5.58%    4.070      1 Template:Short_description/lowercasecheck","  2.58%    1.886      1 Template:First_word"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.029","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":1288276,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.canary-5b7879c855-t4dx6","timestamp":"20251016222801","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script>\n<script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\\/\\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"List of mathematicians born in the 19th century","url":"https:\\/\\/en.wikipedia.org\\/wiki\\/List_of_mathematicians_born_in_the_19th_century","sameAs":"http:\\/\\/www.wikidata.org\\/entity\\/Q19901337","mainEntity":"http:\\/\\/www.wikidata.org\\/entity\\/Q19901337","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\\/\\/www.wikimedia.org\\/static\\/images\\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2014-12-20T14:51:57Z","dateModified":"2025-08-30T20:03:55Z","headline":"Wikimedia list of persons by occupation"}</script>\n</body>\n</html>'

Accessing Specific Nodes

R
Python

ppl <- read_html(url) |>
    html_nodes(".mw-body-content ul li")
ppl[[1]]

{html_node}
<li>
[1] <a href="/wiki/Florence_Eliza_Allen" title="Florence Eliza Allen">Florenc ...

First use bs4.BeautifulSoup to make the HTML easy to work with, then find the nodes we care about.

soup = BeautifulSoup(page)
ppl = soup.select(".mw-body-content ul li")
ppl[0]

<li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Eliza_Allen" title="Florence Eliza Allen">Florence Eliza Allen</a> (1876–1960)</li>

Strategy: Error Handling

R
Python

try_na <- function(i, fn, ...) {
    res <- try(fn(i, ...))
    if( "try-error" %in% class(res)) {
        res <- NA
    }
    if(length(res) == 0) {
        res <- NA
    }
    res
}

def try_na(x, expression):
  # If x is NA, then the result must also be NA
  # for most HTML-parsing expressions... NOT FOOLPROOF
  if pd.isna(x):
    return pd.NA
  else:
    try:
      res = eval(expression, {}, {"x": x})
    except:
      return pd.NA
    if res is None: # Tests for an empty return value
      return pd.NA
    if len(res) == 0:
      return pd.NA
  return res

Not all HTML nodes have the same attributes/children.

Preemptive error handling can be helpful.

try_na() will return

the value if one exists,
NA if the command results in an error
NA if the result has 0 length

Strategy: Use Functions

(like, all the time)

R
Python

math_ppl <- tibble(
    content = html_text(ppl),
    link_info = map(ppl, ~try_na(., fn = html_children)),
    name = map_chr(link_info, ~try_na(., fn = html_text)),
    name2 = map_chr(link_info, ~try_na(., fn = html_attr, "title")),
    link = map_chr(link_info, ~try_na(., fn = html_attr, "href"))
) |>
    select(-link_info)

Error in xml_text(x, trim = trim) : Unexpected node type
Error in xml_text(x, trim = trim) : Unexpected node type
Error in xml_attr(x, name, default = default) : Unexpected node type
Error in xml_attr(x, name, default = default) : Unexpected node type
Error in xml_attr(x, name, default = default) : Unexpected node type
Error in xml_attr(x, name, default = default) : Unexpected node type

head(math_ppl)

# A tibble: 6 × 4
  content                                                      name  name2 link 
  <chr>                                                        <chr> <chr> <chr>
1 Florence Eliza Allen (1876–1960)                             Flor… Flor… /wik…
2 Emil Artin (1898–1962)                                       Emil… Emil… /wik…
3 George David Birkhoff (1884–1944)                            Geor… Geor… /wik…
4 Maxime Bôcher (1867–1918)                                    Maxi… Maxi… /wik…
5 Leonard Eugene Dickson (1874–1954), algebra and number theo… Leon… Leon… /wik…
6 Jesse Douglas (1897–1965), Fields Medalist                   Jess… Jess… /wik…

content = [try_na(i, "x.text") for i in ppl]
link_info = [try_na(i, "x.find('a')") for i in ppl]
name = [try_na(i, 'x.text') for i in link_info]
name2 = [try_na(i, 'x.attrs["title"]') for i in link_info]
link = [try_na(i, 'x.attrs["href"]') for i in link_info]
math_ppl = pd.DataFrame({'content': content, 'name': name, 'name2': name2, 'link': link})

math_ppl.head()

                                             content  ...                          link
0                   Florence Eliza Allen (1876–1960)  ...    /wiki/Florence_Eliza_Allen
1                             Emil Artin (1898–1962)  ...              /wiki/Emil_Artin
2                  George David Birkhoff (1884–1944)  ...         /wiki/George_Birkhoff
3                          Maxime Bôcher (1867–1918)  ...      /wiki/Maxime_B%C3%B4cher
4  Leonard Eugene Dickson (1874–1954), algebra an...  ...  /wiki/Leonard_Eugene_Dickson

[5 rows x 4 columns]

Know your HTTP error codes

How JavaScript Ruined the Internet

Once Upon a Time

We wrote webpages the hard way…

Moses, carrying three stone tablets, says 'The lord Jehovah has given unto you these fifteen...'. He drops one and says 'Oy.'

Once Upon a Time

<!DOCTYPE html>
<head></head>
<body>
<h1>Susan's webpage</h1>
<p>My favorite things...</p>
<ul>
<li>Rainbows</li>
<li>Puppies</li>
<li>Frosting</li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>

A screenshot of the rendered website using the code on the left

Link

Ooh, we can style stuff!

<!DOCTYPE html>
<head> <style>
body{ background-image: url('rainbows.jpg');}
</style> </head>
<body>
<h1 style="color: #ffffff;">Susan's webpage</h1>
<p style="color: #ffffff;">My favorite things...</p>
<ul  style="color: #ffffff;">
<li>Rainbows</li><li>Puppies</li>
<li>Frosting</li></ul>
</body>
</html>

A screenshot of the rendered website using the code on the left

Link

CSS to simplify styling

<html>
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="mystyles.css"/>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Susan's webpage</h1>
<p>My favorite things...</p>
<ul><li>Rainbows</li><li>Puppies</li><li>Frosting</li></ul>
</body>
</html>

CSS was actually introduced in 1996, but it took a while to catch on.

A screenshot of the rendered website using the code on the left

Link

Then came JavaScript!

<html>
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="mystyles.css"/>
</head>
<body>
<script src="test.js"></script>
<h1>Susan's webpage</h1>
<p>My favorite things...</p>
<ul><li>Rainbows</li><li>Puppies</li><li>Frosting</li></ul>
</body>
</html>

We were really annoying!

A gif stepping through the javascript pop-ups which say 'hello, my name is Susan', 'This is my website', 'What is your name? A: John Doe', 'Hello John Doe!', before proceeding to the main site page.

Fast Forward 15 years

Javascript is used to

add new elements to HTML
provide animations
create graphics
actually process information and write data to servers

It’s a full-fledged programming language!

Zeta Tech Jobs - 😈 JS

Site

library(httr)
url <- "https://www.zeta.tech/in/careers/work-with-us/?department=dataanalytics"
ua <- "Mozilla/5.0 (platform; rv:gecko-version) Gecko/gecko-trail Firefox/firefox-version"
page <- GET(url, user_agent(ua)) |>
  read_html()

page |> html_nodes(".link")

{xml_nodeset (0)}

A screenshot of the Zeta jobs site with selectorgadget activated, showing that .link selects 118 objects within the page, in contrast to the 0 found with html_nodes.

Original Source of this Example

Options for Dynamic Pages

Find a different source for the data
See if there’s an API call under the hood
Use browser emulation via selenium/chromote